Adalcin Shari'a a Ghana

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ghana
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Matashiya:
Dukkan abin da za a karanta daga wannan gaɓa zuwa ƙarshen wannan shafi, fassara ce kai tsaye daga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ghana na shekarar 1996 wanda aka ɗauke a shekarar 2021 daga shafin: https://constitutionnet.org

Sashe na 19: Adalcin Shari’a

Wannan sashe ya zayyano waɗannan tanade-tanade a matsayin kyakkyawan tanadinsa daga cikin Kudin Tsarin Mulkin Ghana a matsayin adalcin shari'a:

1. Mutumin da aka tuhume shi da babban laifi a bashi damar saurare cikin adalci tare da isasshen lokaci daga kotu.
2. Mutumin da aka tuhuma da babban laifi:
   1. A yanayin laifin da ba na babbar cin amanar ƙasa ko cin amanar ƙasa ba, wanda hukuncinsa shi ne kisa ko zaman gidan-kaso iya tsawon rayuwa, a gurfanar da shi a gaban mai shari’a da sharia kuma:
      1. A yanayin da horon shi ne kisa, matakin shari’ar ya zama bisa yarjewa (bisa haɗuwar masu shari’a a kan matakin); kuma
      2. A yanayin tsarewa a gidan-kaso na tsawon rayuwa, matakin shari’a ya zamo bisa rinjaye kamar yadda Majalisa mai yiwuwa bisa doka ta zayyana;
   2. A yanayin da mai babban laifi za a iya tuhumarsa a Kotun Tirabunal ta Yanki wanda kuma hukuncin shi ne kisa, hukuncin shugaba da sauran mambobin fanel ya zama ya daidaita (Ya zama abu guda);
   3. A ƙaddara cewa ba mai laifi ba ne har sai an tabbatar ko ya (Shi da kansa) bayyana zamowarsa mai laifi;
   4. A sanar da shi nan-take cikin harshen da yake fahimta, kuma gamsasshen bayani, game da yanayin tuhumar laifin da aka yi masa;
   5. A bashi isasshen lokaci da ababen buƙata domin shirya kare kansa;
   6. A bashi izinin kare kansa-da-kansa a gaban kotu ko kuma lauyan da ya zaɓa;
   7. A bashi abubuwan buƙata ya tantance, da kansa ko lauyansa, shaidun da aka kira yayin gabatar da ƙara a gaban kotu, ya kuma samu takardar mahalarta (attendance) ya gudanar da tantance shaidu domin tabbatarwa bisa sharruɗa daidai da waɗanda suke karɓaɓɓu ga shaidun da aka kira a yayin gabatar da shari’a;
   8. A bashi izinin samu, ba tare da biya ba daga gare shi, agajin mai fassara a guraren da ba zai iya fahimtar harshen da aka yi amfani da shi wajen tuhuma ba; kuma
   9. A yanayi irin na laifin babbar cin amanar ƙasa ko cin amanar ƙasa, a gurfanar a gaban Babbar Kotu mai cikakkun masu shari’a uku na wannan kotun kuma hukuncin masu shari’ar ya zamo bisa daidaito.
3. Shari’ar mutumin da ake tuhuma da babban laifi a gudanar da ita a gabansa sai dai,
   1. Idan ya ƙi bayyana a gaban kotu domin gabatar da tuhumar a gabansa bayan bashi cikakkiyar sanarwa game da tuhumar; ko
   2. Ya riga ya shigar da kansa irin yanayi da cigaba da sauraron ƙarar a gabansa ba zai yiwu ba kuma kotu ta bayar da umarnin cire shi domin sauraron tuhumar ta cigaba a bayan idonsa.
4. Duk lokacin da aka tuhumi mutum da babban laifi mutumin da ake tuhuma ko mutumin da ya wakilta ya, idan ya so hakan, samu, a cikin isasshen lokacin da bai haura watanni shida ba bayan hukunci, kwafin kowanne zama na kotu ko a madadin kotu domin amfanin wanda aka tuhuma.
5. Mutum ba za a tuhume shi da ko tabbatar da shi a matsayin wanda ya aikata babban laifi ba wadda aka samu a ƙuduri ko aka mance wadda kuma bai a lokacin afkuwar abin kai ga zama laifi ba.
6. Babu wani horo da za a danƙara a kan babban laifin da ya munana sosai fiye da matakin ƙarshe na horo da aka ayyana wa wannan laifin a lokacin da aka aiwatar da shi.
7. Babu wani mutum wanda ya nuna cewa an tuhume shi a kotun da ta cancanci tuhumar manyan laifuka kuma ko dai an yanke masa hukunci ko kuma an kuɓutar da shi, da za a sake tuhumarsa da wannan laifin ko kuma da ma kowane babban laifi ne wanda aka riga aka yanke masa hukunci a bisa tuhumar wannan laifin, sai dai a bisa umarnin kotu ta gaba biyowa bayan ɗaukaka ƙara ko waiwaitar zaune-zaunen kotu (review of proceedings) masu dangantaka da wannan yanke hukunci ko kuɓutarwa.
8. Tare da la’akari da tanadi na (7) na wannan sashe, kuɓutar mutum daga tuhuma a kan babbar cin amanar ƙasa ko cin amanar ƙasa ba zai zama waigi (haifar da tsaiko) ba ga hukumar tuhume-tuhume ga kowanne laifi a kan wannan mutumin.
9. Sakin layi na (a) da (b) na tanadi na (2) na wannan sashen ba zai yi aiki a kan laifin da aka tuhuma a kotun-soji ko wata kotun-tafi-da-gidanka ta sojoji ba.
10. Babu wani mutum wanda aka tuhume shi da aikata babban laifi da za a tursasawa bayar da hujja a lokacin tuhuma.
11. Babu wani mutum da za a yankewa hukuncin aikata babban laifi har sai an bayyana laifin sannan kuma da horon da take da shi an yi bayaninsa a rubutacciyar doka.
12. Tanadi na (11) na wannan sashe ba zai kare kotu ta gaba ba daga horas da mutum domin rashin girmama ta ko-da-kuwa cewa ƙuduri ko tsallaken da ke haifar da rashin girmamawar ba a yi bayaninsa a rubutacciyar doka ba kuma horon bai zama a bayyane ba.
13. Hukumar Shiga Tsakani domin bankaɗo wanzuwa ko zurfin haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa ko wajabci ta zama, bisa dacewa da tanade-tanaden wannan kundin tsarin mulkin, an kafa ta bisa doka kuma ta zama mai zaman-kanta kuma maras nuna wariya; kuma a guraren da aka wanzar da zaune-zaune sauraron ƙara domin bankaɗowa daga wani mutum kafin kafa waccar hukumar shiga tsakani, to a bai wa laifin damar sauraro cikin cikakken lokaci.
14. Sai dai kamar yadda zai iya zama saɓanin haka bisa umarnin hukumar shiga tsakani bisa buƙatar kyawawan halayen al’umma, tsaron al’umma, ko kuma umarnin gama-gari zaune-zaunen sauraro na kowacce hukumar shiga tsakani ya zama a bainar jama’a.
15. Babu wani abu a wannan sashen da zai hana hukumar shiga tsakani daga dakatar da mutum daga zaune-zaunen sauraro, in ban da ɓangarorin da suke zaman da kuma lauyoyinsu, har kai wa matakin da wannan hukumar:
    1. Tana iya ƙaddara dole ko bisa dacewa a yanayin da yayatawa za ta iya zama ƙafar ungulu ga manufofin shari’a; ko
    2. Ta iya samun ƙarfin guiwar aiwatarwa a bisa manufar kariya, tsaron al’umma, dokar gama-gari, kyawawan halayen al’umma, walwalar jama’ar da ke ƙasa da shekaru goma sha takwas ko kuma kariya ga rayukan ɗaiɗaikun jama’ar da zaune-zaunen sauraron ƙarar ya shafa.
16. Babu komai a cikin, ko aka yi a ƙarƙashin hukumar, kowacce doka da za a ɗauka a matsayin maras dacewa da, ko ta ci karo da, tanade-tanade masu zuwa:
    1. Sakin layi na (c) na tanadi na (2) na wannan sashe, har kaiwa matsayin da dokar da abin ya shafa da aka danƙara a kan mutumin da aka tuhuma da babban laifi, ɗawainiyar samar da takamaimiyar hujja; ko
    2. Tanadi na (7) na wannan sashen, har kaiwa matakin da dokar da abin ya shafa ta baiwa kotu damar tuhumar wani daga cikin horarrun masu ɗamara a bisa babban laifi ba tare da saɓawa kowacce tuhuma da kuma yanke hukunci ko kuɓutar wancan mamba a ƙarƙashin dokar ladabtarwa ta wannan runduna, sai dai cewa dukkan wata kotu da ta gurfanar da mamba tare kuma da zartar masa da hukunci, a wajen yanke masa kowanne irin horo ne da aka ɗora masa a ƙarƙashin dokar ladabtarwa.
17. Bisa dogaro da tanadi na (18) na wannan sashe, cin amanar ƙasa kawai yana ƙunshe:
18. 1. Cikin assasa yaƙi a kan Ghana ko taimaka wa kowacce ƙasa ko mutum ko tunzurawa ko haɗin-baki da koma wane mutum ne a assasa yaƙi a kan Ghana; ko
    2. Cikin yunƙuri ta hanyar ƙarfin soji da makamai ko wata hanyar boren da ke da manufa ta hamɓarar da rassan gwamnati wanda wannan kundin tsarin mulkin ya kafa ko aka kafa a ƙarƙashinsa; ko
    3. Cikin sanya hannu ko goyon baya a ciki ko tunzura ko haɗin-baki da koma wane mutum ne domin a ko a saka-hannu ko goyon baya cikin, kowane daga irin wancan yunƙurin.
19. Yuƙurin da yake da manufa ta mallaka bisa turbar kundin tsarin mulki juya wata doka ko ƙudurorin gwamnati ba a ɗauke shi a matsayin ƙudurin da aka lissafa a cikin masu hamɓarar da rassan gwamnati ba.
20. Ba tare da yin karan-tsaye ga kowanne tanadi ba na wannan sashen, amma tare da kiyaye tanadi na (20) na wannan sashe, Majalisa za ta iya, ta ko kuma a ƙarƙashin Dokar Majalisa, kafa kotunan soji ko kotunan bincike (tribunals) domin tuhumar laifuffukan da suka saɓa dokokin soji wanda wani mutum ya aikata game da abin da ya shafi dokar soja.
21. A yanayin da mutum yake fuskantar tuhumar dokar soji, wanda kuma ba cikakken soja ba ne, ya aikata wani laifin da yake cikin hurumin kotunan gama-gari, to kar a gurfanar da shi a kotun-soji ko kotunan bincike na soji bisa wannan laifin sai dai idan laifin yana cikin hurumin kotun-soji ko kuma wata kotun bincike ta soji a ƙarƙashin kowacce doka domin ƙarfafar ɗa’ar soji.
22. Domin amfanin wannan sashen “Babban laifi” yana nufin ɗayan manyan laifuka a ƙarƙashin dokokin Ghana.